A- Agassiz, Louis
(1807 - 1873) Swiss paleontologist; Harvard professor theorized on 'Ice Ages' and critic of Charles Darwin.
- Andersson, Johan G.
(1874 - 1960) Swedish mining expert; Peking man.
- Arambourg, Camille
(1885 - 1970) French paleontologist; La Chapelle fossil.
- Aristotle of Stagira :
(384 - 322 B.C.) Greek philosopher; fossil theory.
B
- Bauer, Georg [Agricola, Georgius] :
(1494 - 1555) German mineralogist; coined term 'fossil'.
- Bell, Thomas
(1792 - 1880) English zoologist; President of Linnean Society during announcement of Charles Darwin-Alfred R. Wallace theory of evolution.
- Black, Davidson
(1884 - 1934) Canadian anthropologist; Peking man.
- Blake, Charles Carter
(1840 - 1887?) English anthropologist; doubter of Neandertal man.
- Bonch-Osmolovskii, Glob
(1890 - 1943) Russian anthropologist; Kiik-Koba remains in the Ukraine.
- Boucher de Crèvecoeur de Perthes, Jacques :
(1788 - 1868) French archaeologist; found stone tools.
- Boule, Pierre Marcellin
(1861 - 1942) French National Museum of Natural History, made totally inaccurate reconstruction of La Chapelle fossil.
- Bouyssonie, Amédée
(1867 - 1955) French Abbot, co-excavator of La Chapelle fossil.
- Bouyssonie, Jean
(1877 - 1965) French Abbot, co-excavator of La Chapelle fossil.
- Breuil, Abbe Henri : :
(1877 - 1961) French priest and prehistorian; made copies of cave art.
- Broom, Robert :
(1866 - 1951) Scottish-South African paleontologist; Australopithecus.
- Brown, Jno. Allen
English Antiquarian; studied stone tools, suggested 4 divisions of stone age.
- Bryan, William Jennings :
(1860 - 1925) Politician and Anti-evolutionist crusader; Scopes Monkey Trial.
- Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de :
(1707 - 1788) French naturalist; 'Histoire Naturelle' in 44 volumes; 1749-1804.
- Busk, George
(1807 - 1886) Professor of anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons, examined Gibraltar man and Piltdown man.
C
- Casteret, Norbert
(1897 - 1987) French caver; discovered prehistoric art in Caverne de Montespan cave during a free-dive in 1921.
- Cave, Alexander J.E.
Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London; examined La Chapelle fossil.
- Chambers, Robert
(1802 - 1871) Scientific journalist; 1844 anonymously published 'Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation' 15 years before Charles Darwin.
- Clark, Sir Wilfred Le Gros
(1895 - 1971) English anatomist; exposed Piltdown man as fake.
- Cuvier, Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert :
(1769 - 1832) French anatomist and naturalist; known as the 'Pope of Bones' and the 'Father of Paleontology', Diluvian man.
D
- D'Aurevilly, Jules Amédée Barbey :
(1808 - 1889) French writer and amateur historian.
- da Vinci, Leonardo :
(1452 - 1519) Italian artist; opinions on fossils.
- Dart, Raymond Arthur :
(1893 - 1988), Australian-South African anthropologist; Taung baby.
- Darwin, Charles Robert :
(1809 - 1882) English naturalist and author; 'On the Origin of Species' : : Sailed with the 'Beagle', co-published with Alfred R. Wallace.
- Darwin, Francis
(1848 - 1925) English botanist; son of Charles Darwin. Studied plant movement.
- Dawson, Charles William
(1864 - 1916) British amateur antiquarian; discoverer of :  : Piltdown man.
- de Lumley, Henry
(1934 - ) French prehistorian; Tautavel man.
- de Mortillet, Louis Laurent Gabriel
(1821 - 1898) French anthropologist; described hand-axes of L'Epoque de St Acheul.
- de Puydt , Marcel
(1855 - 1940) Belgian lawyer; co-discoverer of Spy remains.
- Dollo, Louis
(1857 - 1931) Belgian biologist; evolution is not reversible.
- Doyle, Arthur Ignatius Conan
(1859 - 1930) English physician and writer; Piltdown man.
- Dubois, Marie Eugène François Thomas
(1858 - 1940), Dutch paleontologist; Java man.
- Dupont, Edouard François
(1841 - 1911), Belgian geologist; Trou de la Naulette Cave.
E
- Evans, Sir John
(1823 - 1908) English archaeologist; authored 'Flint Implements in the Drift'.
F
- Falconer, Hugh
(1808 - 1865) Scottish paleoanthropologist; suggested name Homo calpicus (from 'Calpe', the ancient name for the Rock of Gibraltar) for Gibraltar man, coined the term Missing Link.
- Fraipont, Julien
(1857 - 1910) Belgian paleontologist; studied Neandertals of Spy.
- Frere, John
(1740 - 1807) English antiquarian; early association of stone tools with extinct animals.
- Fuhlrott, Johann Karl :
(1803 - 1877) German science professor; Elberfeld, given Neanderthal remains by workers; presented paper on fossilized man : : at the Natural History Society of Rheinland & Westphalia in 1859.
G
- Galton, Francis
(1822 - 1911) English anthropologist, cousin of Charles Darwin.
- Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth
(1892 - 1969) English archaeologist, excavated in Gilbraltar, Western Judaea, Southern Kurdistan and Mount Carmel.
- Gorjanovic-Kramberger, Karl Dragutin :
(1856 - 1936) Croatian paleontologist; discovered Krapina Neandertals.
- Granger, Walter
(1872 - 1941) American paleontologist; Peking man.
- Grant, Robert
(1793 - 1874) English professor of comparative anatomy; influenced young Charles Darwin with ideas on evolution.
- Gray, Asa
(1810 - 1888) American botanist; lifelong correspondent with Charles Darwin, wrote 'Darwiniana' arguing for concilliation of evolution and christianity.
H
- Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Phillipp August :
(1834 - 1919) German naturalist; Charles Darwin defender, treated evolution as fact in 1865 and created concept of 'Phylum'.
- Hauser, Otto
(1874 - 1932) Swiss-German antiquities dealer and historian, discovered Le Moustier and Cro-Magnon remains.
- Henslow, John Stevens
(1796 - 1861) English Botanist and Christ's College professor; Charles Darwin's natural history mentor at Cambridge.
- Hinton, Martin Alister Campbell
(1883 - 1961) English Zoologist; Piltdown man, owner of trunk with what appear to be test fakes of bones cut and stained.
- Hodgkin, Thomas
(1798 - 1866) English ethnologist; 1863 sent Gibraltar man's skull to George Busk; exhibited at meeting of British Association for the Advancement of Science in Bath, September 1864.
- Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton
(1817 - 1911) English evolutionist; Charles Darwin ally and confidant.
- Hrdlicka, Ales :
(1869 - 1943) American anthropologist {born Bohemia}; Smithsonian Institution, defended Neandertals as ancestors of modern humans.
- Huxley, Thomas Henry :
(1825 - 1895) English comparative anatomist; known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', debated evolution with Samuel Wilberforce at the 1860 British Association meeting of 'apes' and 'angels', published 'Man's Place in Nature' in 1863 coined term 'agnostic'.
I
- Issac, Glynn
(1937 - 1985) South African paleoanthropologist; Kenyan excavation leader.
J
- Jefferson, Thomas :
(1743 - 1826) American statesman and scholar {amateur paleontologist}.
- Johanson, Donald
(1943 - ) American paleoanthropologist; discovered 'Lucy'.
K
- Keith, Sir Arthur :
(1866 - 1955) Scottish anatomist; rediscovered Gibraltar Neandertal in Hunterian Museum in 1906, Piltdown man
- King, William
(1809 - 1886) Professor of anatomy Queen's College, Galway, Ireland; first to form conclusion : : that Neanderthal fossils were extinct species different from modern man. Suggested 'Homo neanderthalensis' as new species name.
- Koenigswald, Ralph
(1902 - 1982) Paleontologist; Pithecanthropus.
L
- Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de
(1744 - 1829) French naturalist; 'Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres', proposed 'transformism' (evolution theory) before Charles Darwin.
- Lankester, Sir Edwin Ray
(1847 - 1929) British anatomist; Director of the British Museum, Piltdown man.
- Lartet, Edouard Armand Isidore Hippolyte :
(1801 - 1871) French paleontologist and prehistorian; Dryopithecus, Pliopithecus, Ramapithecus.
- Lartet, Louis
(1840 – 1899) French prehistorian (son of Edouard); discovered Cro-Magnon site.
- Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett :
(1903 - 1972) English anthropologist.
- Leakey, Mary
(1913 - ) British paleoanthropologist; discovered Zinjanthropus.
- Libby, Willard Frank :
(1908 - 1980) American chemist; developed Radiocarbon dating C-14.
- Linnaeus, Carolus [Carl von Linné] :
(1707 - 1778) Swedish taxonomist; 'Species plantarum' 1753 and 'Systema naturae' 1758.
- Lohest, Marie Joseph Maximin
(1857 - 1926) Belgian geologist; co-discoverer of Spy remains.
- Lyell, Sir Charles
(1797 - 1875) Scottish geologist; studied Neanderthal in Germany for skull cast described by Huxley; 'Principles of Geology' 1830-1833.
M
- Marston, Alvin Theophilus
(1889 - 1971) English dentist; found Swanscombe man's fossil skull.
- Ma?ka, Karel Jaroslav
(1851 - 1916) Czech school teacher; found Sipka remains.
- Mayer, F.
German professor of anatomy, Bonn University; Claimed Neandertal remains were an 1814 Mongolian Cossack fleeing Napolean's army.
- Mead, Margaret :
(1901 - 1978) American anthropologist/ethnologist.
- Mendell, Gregor :
(1822 - 1884) Czechoslovakian abbot; father of genetics.
- Moissan, Henri :
(1852 - 1907) French chemist; analyzed cave art pigments.
- Montelius, Oscar
(1843 - 1921) Swedish Archaeologist; Defined 4 divisions in Neolithic.
N
- Neander, Joachim (Neuman)
(1650 - 1680) German theologian and hymnist; Neander Valley named after him, 'Neanderthal' in old German, now Neandertal.
- Neuville, René
(1897 - 1952) French archaeologist; first excavated Jebel Qafzeh.
O
- Oakley, Kenneth Page
(1911 - 1981) British anthropologist; exposed Piltdown man as fake.
- Osborn, Henry Fairfield
(1857 - 1935) American paleontologist; American Museum of Natural History; fossil vertebrates.
- Owen, Sir Richard
(1804 - 1892) English zoologist; anatomist and paleontologist, coined term 'dinosaur'.
P
- Pei, Wenzhong
(1904 - 1982) Chinese paleoanthropologist; found first Peking man skull.
- Peyrony, Denis
(1869 - 1954) French prehistorian; excavated La Ferrassie.
- Pilbeam, David
(1940 - ) American paleoanthropologist; Yale University.
- Prestwich, Joseph
(1812 - 1896) British Geologist; report to Royal Society on stone tools cites as the beginning of scientific archaeology.
Q
R
- Ray, John
(1627 - 1705) English naturalist.
- Rigollot, Jean-Paul
(1810 - 1873) French antiquarian; found stone tools near Amiens.
S
- Schaaffhausen, Hermann D.
(1816 - 1893) German science professor (University of Bonn) presented paper : : on Neandertal remains with Johann Fuhlrott in 1859.
- Scheutzer, Johann Jacob
(1673 - 1733) German naturalist and historian; Diluvian man.
- Schmerling, Phillipe-Charles
(1791 - 1836) Belgian anatomist; excavated Engis and Engihoul, found first Neandertal in 1829.
- Schoetensack, Otto
(1850 - 1912) German anthropology professor; named Homo heidelbergensis, Heidelberg man.
- Schultz, Adolph Hans
(1891 - 1976) Swiss anthropologist; believed Neandertals walked upright.
- Schwalbe, Gustave Albert
(1844 - 1913) German anthropologist; thought Neandertals were the direct forefathers of modern humans; Java man.
- Sergi, Sergio
Italian paleontologist; Saccopastore and Mount Circeo discoveries.
- Smith, Sir Grafton Elliot
(1871 - 1937), Anthropologist; University College, London; described Neanderthal as grotesque, published 'Evolution of Man' in 1924.
- Smith, William [Strata]
(1769 - 1839) English geologist; similar geological strata contain similar fossil remains.
- Smith, Worthington G.
(1835 - 1917) English antiquarian; described stone tool manufacture.
- Solecki, Ralph Stephan
(1917 - ) American archaeologist; found pollen in Shanidar cave.
- Sollas, William Johnson
(1849 - 1936) English anthropologist at Oxford; Piltdown man.
- Stringer, Chris
(1947 - ) English anthropologist; 'Out of Africa' theory.
T
- Teilhard de Chardin, Marie-Joseph Pierre :
(1881 - 1955) French paleontologist and Jesuit priest; Peking man and Piltdown man.
- Trinkaus, Erik
(1948 - ) American paleoanthropologist; documented that Neandertals lived as recently as 28,000 years ago in central Europe.
- Turville-Petre, Francis
(1901 - 1941) English anthropologist; excavated in the Sea of Galilee.
U
- Ussher, James
(1581 - 1656) Irish Archbishop; determined from Biblical accounts that Earth came into being during the night preceeding October 23, 4004 B.C.
V
- Virchow, Rudolf Carl :
(1821 - 1902) German pathologist; professor at University of Berlin, founding father of pathology and Germany's Institute of Anthropology; insisted Neanderthal was modern man with disease induced deformities of a pathological (microcephalic) idiot.
W
- Wallace, Alfred Russel
(1823 - 1914) English naturalist; developed theory of natural selection independent of Charles Darwin.
- Warren, Samuel Hazeldine
English archaeologist; Clactonian man.
- Weidenreich, Franz
(1873 - 1948) German anatomist and physical anthropologist; Peking man.
- Weiner, Joseph S.
(1915 - ) South African anatomist; Proposed Piltdown
man was a forgery.
- Weinert, Hans
(1887 - 1967) German anthropologist; Praeanthropus africanus.
- Wells, Charles
(1757 - 1817) American physician; presented paper to Royal Society describing the main thesis of natural selection 40 years before Charles Darwin.
- Wilberforce, Samuel (Soapy Sam)
(1805 - 1873) English Bishop of Oxford ; tutored by Richard Owen, debated evolution with T.H. Huxley at the 1860 British Association meeting of 'apes' and 'angels'.
- Woodward, Sir Arthur Smith
(1864 - 1944) British paleontologist and Keeper of Geology at the British Museum of Natural History; Piltdown man.
X
Y
- Young, R. B.
Geologist; Taung, fossil on desk of the quarry manager used as a paperweight.
Z
- Zdansky, Otto
(1894 - 1988) Austrian paleontologist; Peking man.
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